The phone was held the wrong way. A video shot with
the phone rolled past a certain angle comes out sideways, and stays
sideways everywhere you play it. A quarter turn puts it right.
The tripod or gimbal was upside down. Mounted
cameras, dashcams and action cameras all manage to record upside
down. That's a half turn.
A selfie video reads backwards. Front cameras
mirror what they show you, and some save it mirrored: any writing in
the shot comes out back to front. Flipping left to right fixes it.
Footage came back wrong from an app. Videos that
have been through a messaging app or an editor sometimes lose their
rotation and arrive on their side.
It needs to face the other way in the edit. Mirrored
footage cuts together better when someone walks out of one shot and
into the next from the same side. Once it's turned, you can
trim video down to the part you need.